The main analysis included 434,374 participants from the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Interactions of calcium supplement use with diabetes status were tested on multiplicative and additive scales.
Result
Over a median follow-up of 8.1 and 11.2 years, 26,374 incident CVD events and 20,526 deaths were documented, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, habitual calcium supplementation was significantly associated with higher risks of CVD incidence (HR 1.34; 95% CI 1.14, 1.57), CVD mortality (HR 1.67; 95% CI 1.19, 2.33), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.20, 1.72) in participants with diabetes, whereas no significant association was observed in participants without diabetes (HR 0.97 [95% CI 0.92, 1.03] for CVD incidence; HR 1.05 [95% CI 0.90, 1.23] for CVD mortality; HR 1.02 [95% CI 0.96, 1.09] for all-cause mortality). Significant multiplicative and additive interactions were found between habitual calcium supplementation and diabetes status on risks of CVD events and mortality (all Pinteraction < 0.05). In contrast, no significant interactions were observed between dietary or serum calcium and diabetes status.
Conclusion
Habitual use of calcium supplements was significantly associated with higher risk of CVD events and mortality in people with diabetes but not in people without diabetes. Further studies are needed to balance potentially adverse effects of calcium supplement against likely benefits, particularly among patients with diabetes.
Ayurveda Alternatives for Calcium supplimentation
Praval Pishti: This herbal preparation is made from coral and is considered an excellent source of calcium in Ayurveda.
Mukta Pishti: Also known as pearl calcium, it is prepared from pearls and is used to support bone health and calcium supplementation.
Godanti Bhasma: It's a processed form of gypsum and is commonly used to provide calcium and promote bone health.
Akik Pishti: Made from agate gemstone, it's used in Ayurveda for its calcium content and potential to support overall well-being.
Yashad Bhasma: This Ayurvedic mineral preparation, made from zinc, is also used to provide calcium and support various health aspects
